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Third World
The term ''Third World'' arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO, or the Communist Bloc. The United States, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on social, political, cultural and economic divisions. The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. In the so-called dependency theory of thinkers like Raul Prebisch, Walter Rodney, Theotonio dos Santos, and Andre Gunder Frank, the Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as "periphery" countries in the world system that is dominated by the "core" countries.〔
Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition of the Third World.〔 Some countries in the Communist Bloc, such as Cuba, were often regarded as "Third World". Because many Third World countries were extremely poor, and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as "third world countries", yet the "Third World" term is also often taken to include newly industrialized countries like Brazil, China and India. Historically, some European countries were part of the non-aligned movement and a few were and are very prosperous, including Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, and Switzerland.
Over the last few decades since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term ''Third World'' has been used interchangeably with the least developed countries, the Global South, and developing countries to describe poorer countries that have struggled to attain steady economic development, a term that often includes "Second World" countries like Laos. This usage, however, has become less preferred in recent years.〔Tomlinson, B.R. (2003). "What was the Third World", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 38(2): 307–321.〕
==Etymology==
French demographer, anthropologist and historian Alfred Sauvy, in an article published in the French magazine ''L'Observateur'', August 14, 1952, coined the term ''Third World'', referring to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War.〔Gregory, Derek et al. (Eds.) (2009). Dictionary of Human Geography (5th Ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.〕 His usage was a reference to the Third Estate, the commoners of France who, before and during the French Revolution, opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively. Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something."〔Literal translation from French〕 He conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc.〔Wolf-Phillips, Leslie (1987). "Why 'Third World'?: Origin, Definition and Usage", ''Third World Quarterly'', 9(4): 1311-1327.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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